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MANUAL.5
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1991-05-03
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________________________________
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| Section 5: PRINTHEAD CONTROL |
|________________________________|
CONTENTS
5.1 Baseline Motion
5.2 Kerning, Tracking and Expansion
5.3 Diphthongs
5.4 Ligatures
5.1 BASELINE MOTION
In a normal line of type, all characters (regardless of point size or
typeface) are aligned with reference to an imaginary horizontal
reference line, called the "baseline", which is essentially the location
of the bottoms of most characters of the alphabet, excluding lowercase
g, j, p, q and y and (in some fonts) uppercase J, which have
"descenders" projecting below the baseline. To produce some special
effects, it is necessary to change the level of the baseline. EXAMPLE:
printing superscripts or subscripts.
<BUd> Move Baseline Up distance d
<BDd> Move Baseline Down distance d
<BMd> Move Baseline distance d (+ is up, - is down)
<BJd> Jump Baseline distance d (Next character only; + is up)
NOTE: These baseline movement tags are primarily intended to make
TEMPORARY changes of baseline within a single line of print, and the
original baseline should normally be restored before the line ends. If
youy wish to make a permanent change of baseline, i.e. one that will
affect all subsequent lines, you should specify the desired downward (or
upward) baseline movement by the use of a "Quad" tag with a distance
value specified. For example, the tag <QL2in> will end, left-justify and
print the current line, then move the baseline down 2 inches. (A
negative value, for example <QL-1.5in>, specifies upward movement.) See
Section 4.1.
5.2 KERNING, TRACKING AND EXPANSION
Kerning refers to reductions in the spaces between certain pairs of
letters, as compared with geometrically equal spacing, normally for the
purpose of producing the visual appearance of even, uniform
letterspacing.
<Kd> Kern surrounding character pair d kerning units (54ths of an em)
<Track=d> Reduce all letter & word spaces by d dots (300ths of an inch)
<Expand=d> Expand all letter & word spaces by d dots (300ths of an inch)
5.3 DIPHTHONGS
A diphthong is a pair of letters written as a single character (zero
space between the letters) and pronounced in a specific manner. The
diphthongs most commonly encountered in English-language text are "ae"
and "oe", both usually pronounced "ee". They are found in some names or
words of Latin or Greek origin, such as the names of classical
characters like "Aesop", and arcane scientific words, such as
"coelacanth".
A diphthong may be produced by kerning the two letters by a suitable
amount, normally 1/6th of an em, that is, 9 kerning units. For uppercase
diphthongs, more kerning may be needed. EXAMPLES: "A<K15>Esop",
"co<K9>elacanth".
[NOTE: The Rubicon soft fonts supplied with the
Commercial/Registered Edition of the Publisher contain these
dipthongs in the "Pi font". They are also found in the Adobe
PostScript and Hewlett-Packard Pi fonts.]
5.4 LIGATURES
A "ligature" is a single unit or symbol representing two or more
characters. In English, there are only five ligatures in common use, for
the letter combinations ff, fi, fl, ffi and ffl.
The ff, fl and ffl ligatures may be approximated by kerning the letters
by a suitable amount, normally 1/6th of an em, that is, 9 kerning units:
f<K9>f, f<K9>l, f<K9>f<K9>l. This method is less successful with the
"fi" combination, since the dot over the "i" tends to interfere with the
top of the "f".
[NOTE: The Rubicon soft fonts supplied with the
Commercial/Registered Edition of the Publisher contain these
ligatures in the "Pi font", and many other commercial Pi fonts
include some or all of them.]